Placed 2nd (1st among radio participants), 6th, 10th (twice), and 21st in the five competitions.Īwarded 14 gold & platinum records and an international sales award from various record companies. Placed as a winner in five Active Industry Research Contemporary Hit Radio "Pick the Hits" competitions from 1983 through 1987. Beeman Dissertation Award for Outstanding Research in Communications and Marketing for Higher Education Advancement and was the 2008 Leo and Margaret Goodman-Malamuth Outstanding Dissertation Award for Research in Higher Education Administration. Graduate of Marshall University, West Virginia University, Southern New Hampshire University, Kentucky Christian University and Mountain State University.ĭissertation on institutional rebranding (see ) was the 2009 international winner of the Alice L.
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Simple data comparisons: A pie chart can be a suitable choice if your primary goal is to provide a high-level overview and quickly compare categories.It's easy to compare the sizes of different slices and see their relative differences. Emphasizing differences in proportions: Pie charts allow you to highlight variations in proportions visually.Too many categories can make the chart crowded and difficult to interpret. Limited number of categories: Pie charts work best when you have a small number of categories (ideally, fewer than six or seven).They are effective when you want to visualize how different categories contribute to the whole. Showing parts of a whole: Pie charts are commonly used to represent proportions or percentages of a total.Understanding the Suitability of Pie Charts for Data VisualizationĪ pie chart is appropriate in the following situations: Pie charts are still excellent for the following tasks: selling a part-to-whole comparison right away. Pie charts are still typical charts that most people can understand, even though they are no longer the preferred choice for most visualization purposes. Visualization Toolsĭespite their restricted application, pie charts can be produced using most visualization tools. This helps the viewer understand the presented data and compare different categories. In addition to the sectors, pie charts usually include labels or legends that provide additional information about each category or slice, such as the category name and its corresponding value or percentage. They are useful for conveying information at a glance and are often used in business, statistics, market research, and other fields where data visualization is important. Pie charts are commonly used to present data with discrete categories or to show the composition of a whole. The individual slices of the pie chart represent the relative proportion or percentage of each category compared to the whole. The entire pie represents 100% of the total amount being measured. In a pie chart, each sector corresponds to a specific category or variable, and its size is proportional to the value or percentage it represents. It effectively displays data and shows the relationship between different categories or components within a dataset. The size of each slice (both in terms of area and arc length) reveals how much of the total each category level occupies.Ī pie chart is a circular statistical graphic that is divided into sectors or "slices," representing proportional parts of a whole. A single slice of the circle represents each categorical value. What Is A Pie Chart?Ī pie chart demonstrates the distribution of a total quantity between levels of a categorical variable as a circle with radial slices. It’s the perfect tool for creating a quick graph right before a meeting. Make beautiful data visualizations with our free pie chart maker tool. There might be decreases in freedom in the rest of the universe, but the sum of the increase and decrease must result in a net increase. The freedom in that part of the universe may increase with no change in the freedom of the rest of the universe. Statistical Entropy - Mass, Energy, and Freedom The energy or the mass of a part of the universe may increase or decrease, but only if there is a corresponding decrease or increase somewhere else in the universe.Qualitatively, entropy is simply a measure how much the energy of atoms and molecules become more spread out in a process and can be defined in terms of statistical probabilities of a system or in terms of the other thermodynamic quantities. Entropy and second law of thermodynamics: To add further, the second law of thermodynamics requires that, in general, the total entropy of any system cant decrease other than by increasing the. Statistical Entropy Entropy is a state function that is often erroneously referred to as the 'state of disorder' of a system.Phase Change, gas expansions, dilution, colligative properties and osmosis. Simple Entropy Changes - Examples Several Examples are given to demonstrate how the statistical definition of entropy and the 2nd law can be applied.In mathematics, a more abstract definition is used. A microstate is one of the huge number of different accessible arrangements of the molecules' motional energy* for a particular macrostate. In physics, the word entropy has important physical implications as the amount of 'disorder' of a system. Instead, they are two very different ways of looking at a system. Microstates Dictionaries define “macro” as large and “micro” as very small but a macrostate and a microstate in thermodynamics aren't just definitions of big and little sizes of chemical systems.“Disorder” was the consequence, to Boltzmann, of an initial “order” not - as is obvious today - of what can only be called a “prior, lesser but still humanly-unimaginable, large number of accessible microstate In this paper, we review how these interpretations of entropy have been applied to urban systems. For example, Alan Wilson’s employment of entropy maximization in the modeling of transport routing networks 21. it was his surprisingly simplistic conclusion: if the final state is random, the initial system must have been the opposite, i.e., ordered. The third, information statistical, definition has seen applied in a widespread manner to urban systems.
The support gems you should consider include the likes of Empower Support, which can support any skill gem. Meanwhile, you’ll also be using Contagion and Vaal Blight, which will have more supports to further enhance their power. But just in case, here are our suggestions for the gem setup you should run into the endgame.įirst and foremost, having Essence Drain as your 6-link is the best way forward, though it is rather limited by what support gems you link up. If you’ve played any amount of PoE, you probably have a pretty good idea of what gems we will be using for the Essence Drain Trickster build. You can then boost your spell damage when picking out your gloves and weapons respectively. If you want to further increase your dexterity, then you should opt for a rare pair that boost this stat. This is a great amulet to use, as it increases your attributes and chaos damage.Ĭhest – Hyrri’s Ire (Alternatively – Perfect Form)įor the head and chest, a combination of Hubris Circlet and either Hyrri’s Ire or The Perfect Form will further buff up your dexterity, making you a formidable force. Need some help gearing up? Watch this YouTube video by user Big Ducks to get some deeper insights into the gearing choices you’ll have. And finally, throwing Temporal Chains into the mix allows you to deal with any ranged enemies in the blink of an eye. Additionally, the situation can also be improved with the Despair curse, which makes enemies less resistant to chaos damage. This can prove to be fatal to tankier enemies if you are struggling to overcome those. Introducing Vaal Blight in this build then adds a debuff that deals lots of extra chaos damage over time. The spread area is actually pretty darn huge, and you can even expect it to surpass a number of screens from time to time. This Path of Exile build plays out in a way that you can damage enemies in a relatively large area with a spreading effect.įor example, when a single enemy is affected by Contagion, the degenerative effects of Essence Drain then spread on death to affect groups of nearby enemies. The Contagion + Essence Drain Trickster Build Playstyle The Downsides To Playing ED Contagion Tricksterĭespite all these fantastic traits, there are a few downsides to this particular PoE build.įor example, there is the aura known as Allies Cannot Die, which stops Contagion from making the most of the Essence Drain Trickster setup.Īdditionally, you’ll have to deal with the fact that it doesn’t inflict burst damage, nor does it scale as well as other top tier PoE builds when it comes to single-target damage on bosses. This boils down to the fact that the Trickster aspect has the ability to enhance the effects of Essence Drain even further, so you can expect to take down even the strongest of mobs with devastating ease, all the while racking up a load of experience. A Quick Overview Of This PoE BuildĪn animated example of the essence drain contagion play-style in PoE. Now, if PoE builds are an obfuscated concept, or you want to try something new to wipe the floor with your enemies – this short guide on the Essence Train Trickster build may be worthwhile to check out.īelow, we’ll give you a rundown on this build, what makes it tick, and how you can put together your very own Contagion, Blight and Essence Drain Trickster in order to carry yourself through the PoE Heist league. After all, there are a lot of things to learn when starting out, such as how PoE currency works, or how to make the most of the PoE trade market in order to advance your character towards the end-game. Unsurprisingly, such a broad and monolithic feature can be tough to wrap your head around if you are new to the ARPG scene. It’s no secret that Path of Exile offers players practically limitless opportunities to mold the build that caters to their personal favorite style of play. The Contagion + Essence Drain Trickster Build Playstyle.The Downsides To Playing ED Contagion Trickster.But Why Go With The Trickster Of All The Shadow Ascensions?. In 1910, Rolex won a First Class Chronometer Certificate from the rating office in Bienne, Switzerland. After changing the company name to Rolex in 1908, the brand started assembling watches itself, taking the finest components from a variety of different manufacturers and compiling them together into a single watch.Įarly victories for timekeeping precision followed. However, Wilsdorf’s ambitions were far greater than that. If the W&D logo appeared at all, it would be stamped on the inside of the case back. Those jewelers, more often than not, would print their own names on the dials. and then sell them to a network of retailers. The firm would buy in pieces from all over Switzerland and the U.K. In partnership with his brother-in-law, Alfred Davis, the fledgling business of Wilsdorf & Davis first began not as watchmakers, but rather watch importers. The company which would go on to become Rolex was first founded in London back in 1905 by Bavarian entrepreneur Hans Wilsdorf. On top of that, the manufacturer offers an extensive selection of different bracelets, bezels, and dial types, as well as a wide variety of metals for the watch itself.Ĭhoosing the right Rolex is an involved and often confusing process, and so we have put together this comprehensive guide on the subject, taking in all the innumerable factors to consider to ensure you end up with the perfect model for you. We’re going to start at the very beginning with a brief introduction to the brand, and see just how it got to its present world-beating status. There are more than 1,000 different models in the current catalog, spread across men’s and women’s watches, split into two main categories, and spanning more than a dozen different collections. Therefore, it is important to get it spot-on. However, no one said buying a Rolex was going to be straightforward. And with a customer roster like that, who wouldn’t want to join them?īuying your first Rolex is a rite of passage, a milestone that is often associated with a major success in life. Notable owners have included everyone from celebrities like Steve McQueen, Elvis Presley, and Paul Newman to world leaders and public figures like Dwight D Eisenhower, JFK, and Martin Luther King, and JFK. You will find a collection of Rolex watches on the wrists of just about anyone who’s anyone, past or present, real or fictional. There is a reason everyone is familiar with the name “Rolex” – and intelligent promotion is a key part of it. Rolex’s reputation is the end result of more than a century of exhaustive commitment to innovation, quality, engineering excellence, and brilliant marketing. It really doesn’t matter whether you are a “watch person” or not, the brand name is so inextricably linked to the notion of superior timepieces that the two are practically inseparable. And you can portray several submarines.For the vast majority of people in the world, it is virtually impossible to come up with anything but Rolex when asked to think of the first luxury watchmaker that springs to mind. When you learn how to draw a submarine, you can add details. Remember that the perception of the picture is greatly influenced by the colors and shades that you choose to paint your little masterpiece. It’s very easy to create masterpieces with your own hands! If you want, you can download the PDF file, it is located at the very end of our submarine drawing tutorial. Depending on your mood and your desire, the submarine can be either gray or very bright. This is how, easily and simply, you can draw a submarine. We paint the submarine and the sea around. The stethoscope, the porthole on the hatch, and the bubbles must be completed.ĭraw the sea or the ocean. With the help of confidence, smooth lines draw the hull of the submarine.ĭraw the oval windows and blades at the narrow end of the shape.ĭraw the rectangle on top of the submarine. It really does help on our mission to make small business invoicing as fast and hassle-free as possible. If you like the app, we’d love it if you could give us a good rating. Whether you need to create a construction invoice or quote, business receipt for your side gig or small business. 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If we consider the interface, then I think there is no need for superfluous words, it is naturally convenient, of course there is no Russian support, of course, you can add files by transferring them to the main window with the mouse, the menu navigation is understandable, I think there will be no problems when working. crack allows you to impose all sorts of simple effects on the video, of course this is not a super professional tool, but something can still be done. In addition, Bigasoft Total Video Converter 6. You can then upload all the converted video and audio to different mobile devices and work with them there, there is support for game consoles, the list is also not small, I think it doesn’t make a list, in general, everything is quite standard. patch in a couple of mouse clicks allows you to extract audio tracks from video and save them separately in the selected format and quality. 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The professor highlights Texas Instruments as one example, which struggled in personal computing despite its prior leadership in semiconductors, integrated circuits and related instrumentation. He adds that “unless a business has a unique advantage…, it has no reason to exist”. Henderson goes on to say that “your most dangerous competitors are those that are most like you”. Rather, strategic and investment analysis requires an appreciation for “the complex web” of competition. That’s not to say there’s no competition between them. As Professor Bruce Henderson sees it in The Origin of Strategy, “they may look alike, but they are different species”. Even K-Mart, Sears and Walmart differ in their segments and localities. And there are many ways to meet those wants. They generate plenty of niches for businesses to fill. In this way, they’re not complete competitors, much in the same way luxury brands congregate amongst themselves in shopping districts. What’s more, their conglomeration adds to the culture and attraction of Chinatown. You might prefer restaurant B for its ambience and larger sitting capacity. I might prefer restaurant A because their staff is friendlier, and they make my favorite dish. It’s also true that each restaurant, no matter how similar, occupies its own ecological niche. The resulting competition and coexistence appears remarkably stable. And most of them lack the capital to expand beyond their initial remit. But the relative advantages of each restaurant remains small. When restaurants close shop, whether due to hardship, retirement, or a change of scenery, they’re swiftly replaced by promising newcomers. Yet, many enterprises and small businesses that remain in head-to-head competition appear to coexist as well.Ī good example of this, I think, are the wall-to-wall dumpling houses in every city’s Chinatown. This was especially true in the days before modern communications, transportation, and logistics. Of course, similar companies can coexist in the sense that they’re separated by geography. Can we really expect to find complete competitors in biology or economics? What does it mean exactly to be a “complete competitor” or something close to one? While two species might share similarities, they’re likely to differ in genetic markers and/or environmental circumstance. As Hardin puts it, “we still do not comprehend the exact limits of the principle”. I should emphasise that competitive exclusion is only a principle, and a deliberately ambiguous one at that. Sometimes, with enough time and structural conditions, we see monopolies rise from the hotbed of competition. Scorched-earth competition tends to generate a mix of failure and extinction, mergers and coalition, renewal and differentiation. Rarely, do we expect near-identical companies to coexist in the same economic territory for an indefinite period of time. Extinction, differentiation and complete competitorsĬompetitive exclusion may provide some clues into the dynamics of industry. “It should be remembered that the competition will generally be most severe between those forms which are most nearly related to each other in habits, constitution, and structure.” Charles Darwin. The principle brings crowding-out to attention as different species compete for scarce resources.Īs Charles Darwin put it in the Origin of Species: Put another way, “ecological differentiation is the necessary condition for coexistence”. That is, if two species come to “occupy precisely the same ecological niche… the same geographic territory”, the species with the slightest advantage in environmental fitness will “completely displace” the other over geologic time (assuming all else remains unchanged). To borrow Garrett Hardin’s definition, it states, in brief, that “complete competitors cannot coexist”. Gause’s principle of competitive exclusion is a powerful and alluring insight, not only for biologists and ecologists, but for economists too. Gause’s principle of competitive exclusion Gause’s principle of competitive exclusion.We trace the principle behind competitive exclusion, its implications for industry dynamics and strategy, and a misconception about imitation and mimicry in business. The better the bridge, the happier your dwarves. Comments that your dwarves may have about your bridge can escalate from fine, to great, to completely sublime. To solve this, leave the temporary bridge up until the main bridge has been fully designed by an architect.īridges, along with certain other buildings, may cause happy thoughts for dwarves that pass by them. This often happens when a temporary bridge is built across the river or chasm, space is mined for the "real" bridge, and the temporary bridge is then removed. To work around this you can use a different kind of rock.Īnother common cause of path-finding errors is attempting to build a bridge in such a way that it would cover inaccessible loose rock or other materials that the architect would need to move out of the way. For example, if you want a 5x2 bridge, and select four stone blocks to build it with, the dwarves will only use three of the blocks.īridges can mix material types (stone, metal, wood, etc.) and gain no benefits from using only one type of material, but the color (and material for game terms) is determined by the topmost selected material from the material selection list.īridge construction may generate a path-finding error if a dwarf attempts to use a chosen piece of stone that is inaccessible. When sized and placed, the dwarves will only use the minimum amount of material needed. Size of Bridge = (Material Amount) x 2 - 1.Size of Bridge = (Material Amount) x 4 - 1.Each piece of material increases the number of squares the bridge can occupy, up to a limit of 10 squares in width or height.įor raw stone, stone or glass blocks, and wooden logs: When building a bridge, you can select a number of pieces of material. Note that bridges built outside the mountain cannot be linked to levers to be used as goblin smashers. In the words of Toady One, "The relevant function in the code is called flingify." Creatures caught on top of a drawbridge when it raises will be sent flying through the air, much like a catapult stone. The creature will completely disappear, leaving neither a corpse nor any of its gear, giving it the nickname " Dwarven atom smasher". You cannot build a channel beneath a bridge after the bridge has been built.Īny creature (including dwarves) caught under a drawbridge when it lowers will be killed instantly. You can build bridges over channels (for instance, to span a moat), but only after the channel has been filled with water from a river at least once and no longer registers as an actual building to the q command. So a pressure plate to lower a bridge onto enemies can't be placed underneath the bridge area itself. The direction that a bridge raises can be slightly confusing: If a bridge raises to the left, then it forms a wall on the left side when raised, and when lowered it will squash anything to the right.Įven if a bridge is raised or retracted, you can not place ( build) anything else in the space the bridge normally occupies. When placing a bridge, press w, a, x, or d for a drawbridge in one of the four cardinal directions, or s for a retracting bridge (the default). In either case, the bridge must be linked up to some form of a trigger via mechanisms for it to move normally, this would be either a lever or a pressure plate. Retracting bridges can be built without the need for an open area on the other side, while raisable bridges can crush anything they are lowered over, and will form a sturdy blockade against flying or aquatic assault while raised. When built underground, however, a bridge can be either retracting or raising, like a drawbridge. When a bridge is placed outdoors, it is just an ordinary bridge, and cannot be assigned any special types. Moats (built from channels/ ponds) and "Trojan Horse" entrances spanned by a bridge are both very effective forms of fortress defense.īridge construction requires Architecture and a dwarf with the appropriate labor enabled ( Masonry, Carpentry, or Metalsmithing), depending on the material that is used. These can be used either to deny passage to enemies, or to kill them: a drawbridge lowered on any creature will kill it instantly. However, the bridge's overall material is determined by the topmost item in the list - thus, you can use a single steel bar and four brass bars to cross the magma river, provided you made the steel bar first.īridges built within the mountain can be attached to levers or pressure plates and made to retract or raise. The magma flow can only be bridged by a steel or adamantine bridge. They can be made of raw stone, wood, metal bars, or blocks of any material. Bridges can be placed over rivers and other water (as well as the ice sheet in some freezing maps), swamp tiles, channels, magma, and the chasm. Bridges allow dwarves, traders, and their cargo to travel over terrain that would normally be impassable. 2010 Marchant and Grant 2015) or analysis of captive nutrition (Thomas et al. To learn more about how and for what purposes Amazon uses personal information (such as Amazon Store order history), please visit our Privacy Notice. Research into platypus diets is mostly based on sampling the contents of cheek pouches (Grant and Carrick 1978 Faragher et al. You can change your choices at any time by visiting Cookie Preferences, as described in the Cookie Notice. The platypus loves to play Beginning readers will dive right into this simple, Step 2 nonfiction book about one of the most unique animals on earth. Click ‘Customise Cookies’ to decline these cookies, make more detailed choices, or learn more. Third parties use cookies for their purposes of displaying and measuring personalised ads, generating audience insights, and developing and improving products. This includes using first- and third-party cookies, which store or access standard device information such as a unique identifier. It is the sole living representative of its family. Together with the four species of echidna, it is one of the five extant species of monotremes, the only mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young. If you agree, we’ll also use cookies to complement your shopping experience across the Amazon stores as described in our Cookie Notice. The Platypus ( Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is a semi-aquatic mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania. We also use these cookies to understand how customers use our services (for example, by measuring site visits) so we can make improvements. Most of the time, the primary function of the platypus’s tail is just to store up to nearly half of the animals body fat in case of a food shortage. The Fact Book encompasses essential subheadings such as Appearance, Habitat, Diet, Lifecycle, Interesting Features, and Fun Facts.īrowse through our preview to catch a glimpse of every page included in this valuable resource.We use cookies and similar tools that are necessary to enable you to make purchases, to enhance your shopping experiences and to provide our services, as detailed in our Cookie Notice. I picked this book up at the gift shop when exiting the American Museum of Natural Historys Extreme Mammals exhibit. The WTF Fun Fact Book Top 5 Fun Facts About Animals Top Random Facts Recent Comments.Engaging fact book presentation templates designed specifically for creating captivating lapbooks.
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